Optical Microscopy techniques -phase :contrast, inter ferometric andpolarization microscopes. Confocal scanning microscopy, Ellipsometry.Spectrophotometers. Laser based techniques holography, electronholography and Laser Raman spectroscopy.Transmission and scanning electron microscopy.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence techniques.X-ray diffraction techniques. small angle scattering, texture and stressdistribution. Particle size analysis.Resonance