Circuit Modeling – Basic Concepts, Functional Modeling at Logic and Register levels, Structural Models. Logic Simulation – Simulation based Design Verification, Delay Models, Gate-level Event Driven Simulation. Fault Modeling – Logical Fault Models, Fault Detection, Equivalence and Dominance, Single and Multiple Stuck-Fault Model. Fault Simulation – General Fault Simulation Techniques, Fault Simulation for Combinational Circuits, Fault Sampling. Testing: Algorithms for Testing Single Stuck Fault and Bridge Faults, Automatic Test Generation Concepts, Functional Testing, Random Test Generators, Encoding techniques. Design for Testability: Scan Based Design, Boundary Scan Techniques, Compression Techniques, LFSRs, Built-in Self Test (BIST), BIST Architectures and Advanced BIST Concepts. Formal Verification : Model Checking, Equivalence Checking and Theorem Proving, Design of tools for Formal Verification.