Substrate processing (milling, grinding, extraction etc.,); medium formulation -statistical optimization techniques; medium sterilization - theory and mechanisms; filter design; physical separation processes - solid and liquid systems, flocculation, coagulation, centrifugation etc; Equilibrium (stage processes, distillation, liquid - liquid extraction; rate processes - hromatography (GPC, HPLC, FPLC, Affinity, IE etc.); Emerging technologies for cell recovery; separation of intracellular, extracellular, heat and photosensitive materials; new down stream techniques dynamic immobilization, reverse osmosis, electrophoresis, aqueous two -phase systems; electrodislysis, membrane technology; pervaporation, supercritical fluid extractions; case study with design aspect.