Review of Turbulent flows; Reynolds averaging; Mixing length hypothesis; Algebraic Models; One equation models; Two equation models Basic kε & kω model; low Re effects; v 2 f model; Special treatment for different boundary conditions; Range of applicability; Boussinesqapproximation deficiencies – Nonlinear constitutive relations; Introduction to new topics – DNS, LES, Unsteady RANS, Hybrid LES; Application & comparison __________________________________________________________